Category: Frankincense Guides

  • Olibanum Incense: 7 Fascinating Insights About This Ancient Treasure

    Olibanum Incense: 7 Fascinating Insights About This Ancient Treasure

    Olibanum incense (also known as frankincense) is an aromatic resin from Boswellia trees prized since antiquity. This sacred resin – often called frankincense – has threaded its way through ancient history, religion, medicine, and culture. From pharaohs in Egypt to pilgrims in Jerusalem and sages in India, olibanum incense has been treasured as a purifying and healing fragrance for millennia.

    In this article, we explore seven fascinating truths about olibanum incense: its ancient origins, trade routes, religious significance, medicinal uses, cultural legacy, etymology, and enduring legacy. Our deep dive will span civilizations from Mesopotamia and Egypt to Greece and Rome, and touch on Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and beyond. Along the way we’ll cite leading historical and archaeological sources to illuminate the story of this “pure incense”.

    1. A Treasure of Antiquity: Olibanum Incense’s Ancient Origins

    boswellia sacra, olibanum incense, kohzen

    Boswellia sacra, the frankincense or olibanum tree, thrives in arid regions like Yemen’s Socotra (see illustration above). Its milky sap hardens into the precious resin tears burned as incense.

    Olibanum incense has roots in the dawn of civilization. The earliest physical evidence of incense burning comes from Egypt around 2500 BCE, when artisans crafted so-called “spoon-shaped” burners. Archaeologists presume the fragrant gums burned then were frankincense resins transported from Arabia and Africa – thousands of miles from Egyptian temples. Indeed, an Egyptian Nubian incense sample dated to 400–500 CE was found to contain modern frankincense components, confirming ancient Egypt’s trade links to distant Boswellia groves.

    Likewise, ancient Mesopotamians and Indus Valley peoples prized aromatics. Graves and ruins in Babylon and Harappa have yielded incense burners, suggesting olibanum’s use in ziggurats and rituals as early as the 2nd millennium BCE. By the first millennium BCE, frankincense (‘olibanum’) was already a well-traveled commodity. Phoenician and Arab traders carried it up and down the incense routes that connected the Arabian Peninsula to the Mediterranean (see our Ultimate Guide to Frankincense: Royal Hojari, Olibanum, and Luban Explained – Kohẓen for more details). In short, when Egyptians built the pyramids and Mesopotamians wrote cuneiform, frankincense incense was likely among their sacred scents.

    2. Caravans and Commerce: The Frankincense Trade Routes

    Centuries of trade wove olibanum incense into global commerce. The very survival of the incense roads – land and sea routes linking Arabia with the Mediterranean – revolved around transporting frankincense and myrrh. Caravans of camels bore resin across deserts to Red Sea ports, and ships carried it to Egypt, Greece and Rome. UNESCO notes that the oasis of Wadi Dawkah (Oman) and nearby ports of Shisr/Wubar “illustrate the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.”.

    Likewise, pilgrims have long spoken of incense routes like the Frankincense Trail: since at least 1500 BCE, Arabian merchants dominated this trade. Domestication of the camel allowed caravans to reach southern Arabia’s Boswellia groves, linking traders with markets in Petra, Gaza and beyond. Pliny the Elder later lamented the hefty tolls on frankincense caravans snaking through Arabia, highlighting the resin’s high transport cost. In the markets of Rome and Constantinople, olibanum incense fetched fortunes as a rare and holy good.

    3. Sacred Smoke: Olibanum in Religious Rituals

    Olibanum incense has burned as an offering to gods across faiths. For millennia it was one of humankind’s most sacred fragrances. In Judaism, frankincense was a core ingredient of the Temple’s consecrated incense (Exodus 30:34 cites “pure frankincense” in the holy blend). The Bible famously records that the Magi brought “gold, frankincense, and myrrh” to the infant Jesus. By the early Christian era, incense was firmly embedded in liturgy.

    Medieval churches commonly burned frankincense blends before altars and in cathedrals. One historian notes that in Rome “it was not clear if the burning of incense was for ritual or medicinal purposes,” since frankincense smoke drifted from tombs, catacombs and temple spaces. Even those who denied literal sacrifice still used incense metaphorically: some early Church Fathers taught God as “perfect fragrance” who “needs no incense,” yet frankincense remained a constant in liturgical rites.

    In Islam, while opinions vary, fragrant gums historically perfumed mosques and homes. Sufi gatherings and celebrations often include frankincense to create a sacred atmosphere. (Even in modern Sunni practice, burning oud and frankincense continues in many regions.) Hindu and Buddhist temples in India and Southeast Asia burn resinous incense (including Boswellia serrata, the “Indian frankincense”) during pujas and meditation. Ayurvedic tradition holds Boswellia resin as a healing herb. Thus the tradition of olibanum incense spans Christianity, Judaism, parts of Islam and Dharmic faiths alike – a true “symbolic offering to the divine” across cultures.

    4. Ancient Medicine: Frankincense as Healing Elixir

    Beyond ritual, olibanum incense has a storied medicinal history. Ancient physicians used frankincense for many ailments. Dioscorides (1st century CE) described frankincense as warm, drying and antiseptic, used to heal ulcers and eye infections. In fact, “both frankincense and myrrh were employed by a great many ancient societies in religious rituals, though they had medicinal and other non-religious uses”. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans found that inhaling or applying olibanum soot soothed wounds and respiratory issues. In Jewish ritual use, frankincense was also an ingredient in holy anointing oil (Exodus 30:22–33).

    Eastern medicine embraced Boswellia resin, too. Ayurvedic texts call Indian frankincense (Boswellia serrata) a potent anti-inflammatory. Modern studies echo this: Boswellia extracts are shown to ease arthritis, colitis and asthma by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes. Memorial Sloan Kettering notes that Indian olibanum is “widely used in Ayurveda for treating arthritis, ulcerative colitis, coughs, sores, [and] wound healing”. Likewise, clinical trials have found boswellic acids helpful in joint and muscle pain. Even today, many use frankincense aromatically or as supplements for immune support.

    In short, people have burned frankincense both to please the gods and to aid the body. The dual use in antiquity reflects a worldview where spiritual and physical healing were intertwined. This ancient “rejuvenative resin” remains popular in natural wellness circles.

    5. Cultural Legacy: Incense in Myth and Memory

    The story of olibanum incense echoes across myth, art and archaeology. Egyptian temple inscriptions and wall paintings depict priests burning incense cones on their heads – a fragrant offering to deities. In Greece and Rome, classical sources equated incense with prayers ascending to the heavens. Poetically, Arabian harbors were said to literally smell of incense as it arrived from distant islands. Even today, archaeologists recover incense burners in temples from Thebes to Ur. A famous find: 3,000 year-old clay incense fumigators in Tel Arad, Israel, are believed to have held frankincense during Judahite worship.

    Folklore links olibanum to the Holy Land: the Hebrew word “lehem” or “labonah” (meaning “white”) gave Lebanon its name, after the snow-capped peaks where resin-laden caravans might cross. Greek libanos (λίβανος) likewise meant both “frankincense” and “Lebanon”. Medieval Europeans literally saw frankincense as “fine incense” (from Old French franc encens). From Abyssinian kings to Catholic kings, royal courts burned frankincense to symbolize divine favor.

    The legacy lives on archaeologically too. UNESCO’s World Heritage site “Land of Frankincense” in Oman protects ancient gum-gathering camps and ports. Ethnobotanists study tribal frankincense harvesters whose methods – tapping the bark and collecting the “tears” – changed little in millennia. Museums worldwide preserve examples of olibanum resin, rites and artifacts, reminding us that this incense has united cultures across time.

    6. Names and Words: The Etymology of Olibanum

    The names we use for frankincense tell history. The English word frankincense comes from Middle English franc encens, literally “pure/high-quality incense”. This reflects its status as premium incense. The Hebrew levonah (“white”) and Greek lìbanos are related terms, originally referring to Lebanon’s (white) mountains and the resins they helped porters carry. In fact, medieval Latin borrowed Greek libanos to form olibanum. The leading “o” may derive from Latin oleum (oil) or the Greek article o-.

    Across languages we see similar roots: in Arabic, lubān simply means incense. Syriac used bōsmīn, and Persian “kundūr”. Over centuries translators sometimes confused these. For example, medieval Latin authors mistakenly applied olibanum to resin from Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense), while earlier Greek and Arabic referred to Arabian Boswellia sacra. The common thread is ‘white resin’ – and indeed, olibanum droplets are pale yellowish-white. The word “incense” itself (Latin incendere, “to burn upon”) echoes this ritual role.

    In sum, the name olibanum bridges cultures: from Hebrew labonah to Arabic lubān, Greek lìbanos to Latin olibanum, all pointing back to frankincense’s treasured status. (For more detail on frankincense terminology, see Kohzen’s Ultimate Guide to Frankincense, which traces names like Hojari, Luban and more.)

    7. An Enduring Legacy: Olibanum’s Future in Wellness

    Despite millennia of use, olibanum incense remains popular today – not by chance. The growing interest in natural wellness and spiritual practices has revived frankincense’s prominence. Modern aromatherapy touts its calming effects; yoga studios and temples burn it to purify the air. However, there are contemporary concerns. Over-harvesting and habitat loss threaten Boswellia populations. In fact, researchers project that unsustainable tapping may halve global frankincense production by 2039. Conservationists now work to protect incense forests and traditional harvesting methods to ensure future generations can still smell these ancient fragrances.

    Meanwhile, enthusiasts can connect with olibanum’s rich heritage by seeking pure resins and learning its history. (Our About page describes how genuine, traceable Boswellia sources support both communities and traditions.) In any case, one fascinating truth remains: olibanum incense is far more than a fragrant gum. It’s a thread woven through human culture, health and spirituality. Its golden tears carry stories from the Pharaohs to the present day.

    Key Takeaways:

    • Ancient Roots: Olibanum (frankincense) has been burned as incense since at least 2500 BCE in Egypt, Mesopotamia and beyond.
    • Epic Trade: It traveled along famed incense routes, with Arabian caravans and ports in Oman and Yemen (Wadi Dawkah, Khor Rori) playing central roles.
    • Sacred Role: This incense held spiritual value in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Eastern faiths – part of temple rites, biblical offerings (Magi’s gift) and temple anointing oil.
    • Medicinal Uses: Beyond ritual, frankincense was valued in ancient medicine. Ayurvedic and Greek healers used Boswellia resin for inflammation, wounds and respiratory health.
    • Cultural Heritage: Olbanum’s legacy endures in myths, languages and archaeology. Its names (from libanos to olibanum) reflect trade and geography. UNESCO heritage sites now protect its archaeological remains.
    • Modern Renewal: Today olibanum incense remains popular in wellness and spiritual practice, but sustainable harvesting is crucial to protect its Boswellia forests for future generations.

    Explore the mystique of olibanum incense yourself – experience its rich fragrance and history. Check out authentic olibanum (frankincense) resins at the KohzenOfficial Etsy shop for pure, high-quality incense sourced from these ancient traditions.

  • 11 Fascinating Truths About Royal Frankincense Marketers Don’t Tell You

    11 Fascinating Truths About Royal Frankincense Marketers Don’t Tell You

    Frankincense is an ancient aromatic resin revered for its scent and sacred associations, but the term “Royal Frankincense” often causes confusion. In reality, Royal Frankincense is not a separate species or botanical variety. Instead, it’s a marketing name implying top-quality resin – usually from Boswellia sacra trees in Oman – without official scientific meaning. The phrase plays on frankincense’s regal history, but savvy buyers should know it’s essentially a grade or product name rather than an official grade of incense.

    1. “Royal Frankincense” is a marketing phrase, not a species

    The word frankincense itself comes from Old French franc encens, meaning “pure” or “high-quality incense”. Thus, “Royal Frankincense” simply echoes the idea of noble, premium incense. No plant is officially called “Royal Frankincense” – the resin still comes from known Boswellia species. Sellers use “Royal” to suggest superior quality or origin (often Boswellia sacra from Oman). In other words, Royal Frankincense is a grade or brand term, not a taxonomic designation.

    Important note: All frankincense comes from trees in the Boswellia genus. “Royal” doesn’t change the tree; it just markets the resin as extra-pure or prestigious. As the Oxford-derived etymology shows, frankincense already meant “high-quality incense”.

    2. The “Royal” name reflects ancient prestige

    The association of frankincense with royalty and divinity is very old. In Egypt, frankincense and myrrh were prized as temple incense and offerings. Archaeologists have found frankincense at Pharaonic sites and in burial goods. Kings and priests burned it in ceremonies, so it was literally a “king’s incense.” According to tradition, frankincense was one of the gifts the Biblical Magi brought to Jesus at his nativity. In the ancient Near East, only special perfumes and resins (like frankincense) were fit for temples and royalty.

    This regal aura lives on in the name. By calling something “Royal Frankincense,” sellers tap into millennia of cultural lore – the idea that this incense is fit for a king or queen. It draws on stories of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Pharaohs of Egypt, and the incense traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. However, keep in mind the term is symbolic.

    3. Etymology: frankincense = “high-quality incense”

    The word “frankincense” has nothing to do with the Franks (medieval Germans). It derives from Old French franc encens, and the word franc in Old French could also mean “noble” or “true,” suggesting purity or high grade. In English, it passed down as “frankincense.” This background helps explain why the term “royal” is loved – frankincense itself already implied a premium incense in medieval times.

    Another ancient name is “olibanum”, from Latin, which also means frankincense. This word appears in old texts and recipes. Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary even defines “olibanum” simply as “frankincense”. In short, all these words – frankincense, olibanum, luban – refer to the resin and not to any “royal” variety. Understanding the etymology makes it clear: “Royal Frankincense” highlights the quality (noble/incense), but it’s essentially the same resin that has been traded for millennia.

    4. Traditional uses of frankincense

    Frankincense has been used across cultures for rituals, medicine, and scents. In ancient Egypt, it was burned in temples and used in embalming. In Rome and Greece it perfumed baths and altars. Hindu and Ayurvedic traditions used Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense) in healing formulas for arthritis and digestion. Chinese and Tibetan medicine called it ruixiang and used it to move “qi” and ease pain.

    Some key uses:

    • Religious rites: Buddhist temples, Christian churches, and Muslim holy shrines still burn frankincense resin in censers. Its smoke is believed to carry prayers. It’s required in some Judaic temple rites (as per the Bible’s directions for incense).
    • Medicinal and wellness: The oil (steam-distilled from resin) has anti-inflammatory boswellic acids. Modern supplements use Boswellia extracts for joint pain. Research has examined frankincense for digestive and respiratory health.
    • Perfume and cosmetics: Its sweet, balsamic aroma has been valued in perfumes and aromatic oils.

    Even with “Royal” on the label, it’s fundamentally the same sacred resin. The difference is often just the clarity and aroma strength. Experienced users will tell you that the finest resin (often from Oman’s Boswellia sacra) is clear, golden-white-green, and highly fragrant. Lesser grades might be darker or dusty. But any Boswellia tears burned as incense will smell similar, giving a frankincense scent.

    5. Frankincense grades and marketing terms

    The frankincense trade has its own jargon. Sellers speak of “grades” or fanciful names, which can confuse buyers. Common grading terms include Choice, Extra, Select, Terra, Seraphim, etc. These aren’t standardised – one seller’s “Choice Grade” might be another’s “Second Grade.” Similarly, terms like “Superior”, “Imperial”, or “Royal” are marketing tiers, not scientific categories.

    For example:

    • Tapa (or Tepa): Often refers to clumps of resin lumps attached together. In Oman, the last cuts of the season create “Tapa” – considered rich in aroma. This might sometimes be called “Royal” in marketing materials.
    • Terra: One grading system uses “Terra” grades (e.g. Terra Alpha, Terra Beta) – high-grade resin from first tapping vs later taps. These are seller-invented terms.
    • Country names: “Omani frankincense” usually means Boswellia sacra, often considered finest, from Dhofar in Oman. “Somali frankincense” refers to Boswellia carteri (now often lumped with B. sacra) or B. frereana. “Indian frankincense” means Boswellia serrata, with a different profile.

    Because “Royal Frankincense” isn’t an official grade, its meaning depends on the company. Always ask: is it Boswellia sacra from Oman? Or a mix of species? Some sellers use “Royal” to justify a higher price, but without offering the assurance of its source.

    Interesting Fact: Only three Boswellia species are known to contain significant amounts of the anti-inflammatory boswellic acids. These are Boswellia sacra (Oman/Yemen), B. serrata (India), and B. papyrifera (Ethiopia/Sudan). Other species like B. frereana or B. occulta produce resin with a somewhat different chemical profile. In practice, “Royal Frankincense” is almost always one of the top species, usually B. sacra or its synonym.

    6. Origins: Boswellia species and regions

    Frankincense comes from trees of the Boswellia genus. Key species and their origins are:

    • Boswellia sacra: Native to Oman, Yemen and nearby Arabian Peninsula regions. Grows on rocky slopes in Dhofar (Oman) and the Hadhramaut (Yemen). Often called “King’s Frankincense.” Most likely candidate for “Royal Frankincense.”
    • Boswellia carteri: Found in Somalia and parts of Ethiopia. (Modern taxonomy often treats B. carteri as the same species as B. sacra, but it’s sold as “Somali frankincense.”)
    • Boswellia frereana: Indigenous to Puntland in Somalia. Its resin is sometimes called “Maydi frankincense.” It has a distinct, lemony scent.
    • Boswellia serrata: Grows wild in India and Pakistan. The resin is key in Ayurveda (called salai guggul) and used for joint health.
    • Boswellia papyrifera: Native to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan. Its resin is widely traded in East Africa.

    Each species yields a slightly different aroma and composition. For Royal Frankincense, the implication is usually B. sacra. In fact, a newly identified species Boswellia occulta (from Somalia) was only distinguished in 2019 – previously it was sold mixed with B. carteri resin. But again, these botanical details don’t show up on a “Royal Frankincense” label; you have to trust the supplier or lab analysis.

    Notably, Kew’s Plants of the World Online (an authoritative database) notes that Boswellia occulta is accepted as a distinct species native to northern Somalia. This highlights that the trade in frankincense is still being discovered.

    7. The famous Frankincense forests of Oman

    The most famous source for premium frankincense is Dhofar, Oman. Here’s why it matters: Oman’s frankincense trees were integral to its ancient economy. The rocky wadis of Dhofar still have groves of Boswellia sacra hundreds of years old. Historically, the city of Sumhuram (Khor Rori) on Oman’s coast was a hub where incense was exported to India, Rome and beyond. In fact, UNESCO designated “The Land of Frankincense” (including parts of Dhofar) as a World Heritage site, celebrating this trade (though detailed citations from UNESCO are sparse in open sources).

    A bit of ecology: The trees are slow-growing. They are tapped by cutting the bark; resin “tears” ooze out and harden on the bark. Harvesting is done in seasons (called Dara and Ghadh in Dhofar) and requires skill. Over-tapping can stress or kill a tree, which is why sustainable practices are now stressed by conservationists.

    Today, Omani frankincense is still sold as a premium product – often at a higher price than similar Boswellia resin from Somalia or India. If you see “Royal Frankincense – Oman” or similar, it likely comes from Dhofar.

    8. “Royal” vs other grades: what to look for

    Since “Royal” isn’t regulated, learn how frankincense quality is usually judged:

    • Appearance of resin: High-quality Boswellia sacra resin is typically hard, lustrous, and nearly clear. It can look golden, white and green. Dark brown or fibrous chunks are usually lower grade.
    • Fragrance: The purest resin has a clean, sweet, citrusy-woody scent when burned or distilled. The aroma gets stronger with each tapping (later “tears” on the tree often have deeper fragrance). Even here, sellers may label the best tears as “Royal” for allure.
    • Purity: Check for additives. Authentic frankincense resin is just sap hardened; some cheap “frankincense oils” on the market are synthetic or diluted. A well-known source (see Kohzen’s Ultimate Guide to Frankincense) warns about adulteration and synthetic substitutes.
    • Origin and species: Often, “Royal Frankincense” implies Boswellia sacra. Be wary if “royal” is used for the cheaper B. serrata or even non-Boswellia incense; always ask the species name.

    Marketing terms to compare: Marketers sometimes invent terms like “Alver” frankincense or “Rose” frankincense, but these aren’t botanical either. They usually refer to resin harvested in a particular way or region. For example, Omani frankincense tapped during the cool season may produce clear tears called “Al-Muqerab” or “Raqi” in Arabic – terms which have also appeared in marketing. The takeaway: investigate the scientific name (Boswellia sacra, B. carteri, etc.) to know what you’re getting.

    9. Frankincense in culture and religion

    Frankincense was literally once called “holy incense”. In the ancient world it was as valuable as gold by weight. Kings and emperors kept it in their treasuries.

    • In Judaism and Christianity, Exodus and Ezekiel instruct priests to burn specific blends of incense (including frankincense) in the Temple. The Gospel of Matthew later mentions frankincense as a royal gift. It symbolized divinity and prayer.
    • In Islam, frankincense (loban) is used in mosques and homes, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, for its purifying scent. It’s common to burn it to welcome guests or in celebrations.
    • In traditional Chinese culture, frankincense and myrrh are mentioned in ancient texts (the Chinese word ruixiang, meaning “Persian incense”). It arrived along the Silk and Incense routes from Arabia.
    • In Ayurveda (India), Boswellia serrata resin (salai) has been used for thousands of years. It’s considered a warming spice and was part of many rasayana (rejuvenation) formulas.

    These sacred associations reinforce why “Royal Frankincense” sounds appealing – it evokes centuries of ritual use. But again, all frankincense (royal or not) shares these traditions. Whether it’s Oman’s dhufar variety or Indian salai, every culture prized this fragrant resin.

    10. Conservation: protecting the “Royal” trees

    There is a downside to the popularity of premium frankincense: overharvesting. Studies have shown that heavily tapped Boswellia trees may fail to reproduce well. Seeds germinate much more under untapped trees. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed some frankincense species (like Boswellia papyrifera) as vulnerable due to overuse and land conversion.

    Oman has taken steps to protect its Frankincense forests. For example, cutting practices are regulated and certain areas are wildlife reserves. Organizations encourage sustainable tapping: only cutting each tree a few times per season, and allowing recovery. This matters especially for “Royal” frankincense, which is expected to come from lush, healthy forests. A glut of low-quality or illegally taken resin can flood markets and harm trees.

    Quick fact: Researchers found that “burning, grazing, and attacks by longhorn beetle” are also threats to frankincense trees (Frankincense – Wikipedia). Even climate change (less rain in Arabian and Horn regions) puts pressure on these trees. Ethical suppliers of “Royal Frankincense”

    • Appearance of resin: High-quality Boswellia sacra resin is typically hard, lustrous, and nearly clear. It can look golden or pale. Dark brown or fibrous chunks are usually lower grade.
    • Fragrance: The purest resin has a clean, sweet, citrusy-woody scent when burned or distilled. The aroma gets stronger with each tapping (later “tears” on the tree often have deeper fragrance). Even here, sellers may label the best tears as “Royal” for allure.
    • Purity: Check for additives. Authentic frankincense resin is just sap hardened; some cheap “frankincense oils” on the market are synthetic or diluted. A well-known source (see Kohzen’s Ultimate Guide to Frankincense) warns about adulteration and synthetic substitutes.
    • Origin and species: Often, “Royal Frankincense” implies Boswellia sacra. Be wary if “royal” is used for the cheaper B. serrata or even non-Boswellia incense; always ask the species name.

    Marketing terms to compare: Marketers sometimes invent terms like “Alver” frankincense or *“Rose” frankincense, but these aren’t botanical either. They usually refer to resin harvested in a particular way or region. For example, Omani frankincense tapped during the cool season may produce clear tears called “Al-Muqerab” or “Raqi” in Arabic – terms which have also appeared in marketing. The takeaway: investigate the scientific name (Boswellia sacra, B. carteri, etc.) to know what you’re getting.

    11. Choosing your frankincense

    If you want authentic frankincense, here are tips:

    • Ask the source. Genuine Omani frankincense vendors will specify Boswellia sacra (or “Omani frankincense” from Dhofar). Check if it’s wild-harvested or plantation-grown, and emphasises fair trade and forest management.
    • Look for clarity. Premium resin tears are relatively clear and golden. Opaque, dark chunks may be from older cuts or mixed with wood bits.
    • Smell it. Good frankincense smells rich and sweet. A musty or smoky smell might mean impurities.
    • Be cautious of claims. No resin can cure everything. Some marketers of “Royal Frankincense” make grand health claims. Enjoy it for tradition, aroma, and the moderate benefits frankincense oil may offer.
    • Learn more. Kohzen’s Ultimate Guide to Frankincense explains how to choose real frankincense and the different species.

    Summary

    The term Royal Frankincense carries powerful historical and cultural weight, but it’s important to understand what it truly means. It is not a botanical species or a formal grade — it’s a marketing term that evokes the ancient prestige, sacredness, and high quality associated with frankincense throughout history. By recognising this, buyers can make more informed choices and truly appreciate the deep traditions behind this legendary resin.

    Here are the key takeaways:

    • Royal Frankincense is a marketing term, not a distinct species; it usually refers to top-quality resin, especially from Boswellia sacra.
    • The “royal” label reflects historical use — frankincense was reserved for kings, temples, and sacred ceremonies across ancient civilisations.
    • Frankincense itself already meant “noble incense” — the word derives from Old French franc encens meaning “pure” or “true incense.”
    • Quality matters more than the name — authentic Royal Frankincense should come from reputable sources and display clarity, aroma, and origin.
    • Multiple Boswellia species produce frankincense, but the finest “Royal” grades typically come from Oman (Boswellia sacra).
    • Grading is not standardised — terms like Royal, Superior, or Extra Grade are subjective and vary by seller.
    • Frankincense remains deeply rooted in sacred, medicinal, and cultural practices, from ancient Egypt to today’s holistic wellness circles.
    • Conservation matters — sustainable harvesting practices protect frankincense trees and ensure the availability of high-quality resin for future generations.
    • Knowledge is protection — understanding frankincense species, sourcing, and terminology helps avoid misleading marketing claims.

    Whether you seek Royal Frankincense for its rich history, its uplifting aroma, or its place in sacred tradition, appreciating its real meaning allows you to connect more authentically with this ancient gift.

    To explore premium, ethically sourced frankincense resins, visit our Ultimate Guide to Frankincense and learn more about our commitment to quality at About Kohzen.

    Discover the True Essence of Frankincense

    At Kohzen, we honour the authentic tradition of Royal Frankincense with sustainably sourced resins and a commitment to purity. Explore our premium frankincense offerings and experience the timeless connection between nature, history, and wellbeing.

  • Ultimate Guide to Frankincense: Royal Hojari, Olibanum, and Luban Explained

    Ultimate Guide to Frankincense: Royal Hojari, Olibanum, and Luban Explained

    Have you ever wondered where frankincense comes from? Or why it’s called frankincense? Our ultimate guide to frankincense aims to answer all your main questions, and link to other articles on the Kohzen website for a deeper dive into each variety. Frankincense – also called olibanum or luban – is the aromatic resin of Boswellia trees. This fragrant gum has been prized for thousands of years as sacred incense and traditional medicine. Boswellia trees are native to arid regions of Oman, Yemen, Somalia, Ethiopia and India, yielding golden resin tears used in perfumes, aromatherapy and ritual ceremonies.

    At Kohzen we are proud to feature authentic West Asian frankincense; learn more about our mission on the About page. Our premium frankincense products are also available on our Etsy shop, KohzenOfficial. This ultimate guide explores frankincense’s history, names (Olibanum, Luban), and the world’s key frankincense varieties.

    Frankincense (olibanum/luban) is harvested by making small cuts in the bark of Boswellia trees; the milky resin hardens into lumps. Its English name derives from Anglo-Norman franc encens (meaning “noble” or “pure incense”). In antiquity the Greek word for frankincense was lίbanos (λίβανος), which is cognate with “Lebanon” – itself from the Semitic root lbn meaning “white” (a reference to the resin’s milky color). In fact, the Arabic term lubān literally means “that which yields milk”, alluding to the milky sap). Thus the fragrant resin is linked by name to Lebanon’s white mountains (Mt. Sannine) and to ancient Levantine trade: Phoenician merchants in Tyre (Ṣūr) and Sidon (Saida) carried Arabian frankincense through Mediterranean ports.

    History and Origins of Frankincense

    Frankincense was a luxury commodity along the ancient Incense Routes. Boswellia resin was burned as sacred smoke in Egyptian temples, Babylonian ziggurats and Greek and Roman sanctuaries. It is famously mentioned in the Bible – the Magi presented the infant Jesus with gold, frankincense and myrrh – highlighting its value.

    Trade in frankincense flourished for millennia: UNESCO notes that the caravan oasis of Wadi Dawkah (in Oman) and affiliated ports vividly illustrate “the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries” as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world. By the first millennium BC, Arabian and African incense flowed overland by camel to Red Sea ports (like Omani Khor Rori) and by ship to Mediterranean markets.

    The etymology of frankincense reflects this story: the Hebrew word labonah and Arabic lubān (لبان) derive from the same root lbn (“white”) as Lebanon. After passing through Mount Lebanon (whence the Greeks called the land “Libanos”), the resin reached Phoenician ports. (Isaiah 23:2 even alludes to Sidon’s overseas trade.) The English name “frankincense” evolved from French franc encens (“noble incense”) – literally “pure incense” in medieval use. Regardless of name, this milky resin cemented cultural links between Arabia, Africa and the Levant for thousands of years, serving as a bridge between earth and heaven.

    Frankincense Varieties Around the World

    Frankincense resin varies by species and origin. The main sources are Boswellia sacra (Oman/Yemen), B. carterii (Somalia/East Africa), B. frereana (Somalia) and B. serrata (India). The chart below summarises global Boswellia species:

    Boswellia Species Table

    Boswellia SpeciesDescription
    Boswellia sacraNative to Oman and Yemen (Dhofar region), the source of “Arabian frankincense.” Many premium grades (Hojari, White, Black) come from this species. UNESCO calls Wadi Dawkah (Oman) an “outstanding example of the growth of Boswellia sacra” where resin is collected today.
    Boswellia carteriiGrows in Somalia, Ethiopia, parts of East Africa, and even southern Arabia. Produces the common “Somali frankincense” with lemony-citrus notes.
    Boswellia frereanaA distinctive Somalian species (sometimes called Maydi frankincense). Its resin is pale, lighter, and often sweeter/smoky; prized in the Arabian Peninsula as well.
    Boswellia serrataFound in India; known as Salai or Indian frankincense. Used in Ayurvedic medicine, it has a more earthy, muskier aroma and high resin content.
    Boswellia papyriferaNative to Ethiopia/Eritrea, yields hard dark resin (often called “black frankincense”), stronger aroma, used locally.
    Other speciesOther species (e.g. Boswellia dalzielii in West Africa, Boswellia neglecta in Sudan) exist, but the above are the main commercial sources.

    Frankincense trees thrive in arid, rocky terrain. (They famously “rain” fresh leaves during Oman’s summer monsoon, creating the Dhofar’s green landscapes.) The species and harvest method largely determine quality. For example, Oman’s B. sacra yields prized Hojari frankincense (see below) in grades from delicate pale-yellow to rare emerald-green. As one reference notes, today “the most traded frankincense is produced in Oman, Yemen, and Somalia”, reflecting these region’s historical role as its heartland.

    Oman and Southern Arabia (Boswellia sacra)

    Oman’s Dhofar region is synonymous with top-grade frankincense. Here Boswellia sacra trees line the wadis of the Hajar Mountains. UNESCO’s “Land of Frankincense” (Oman) world heritage site includes Wadi Dawkah, where Boswellia forests have been continuously tapped and harvested. “Wadi Dawkah is a major place where the frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra) can still be found and frankincense is harvested to this day”. Oman produces special grades like White Hojari (silvery resin) and the even rarer “Royal Green” Hojari, named for its translucent emerald-green tears. Historically these top grades were reserved for sultans; today they are still considered the crown of frankincense.

    East Africa (Boswellia carterii & frereana)

    Across the Gulf of Aden in Somalia and Ethiopia, other Boswellia species flourish. B. carterii (often called B. sacra by traders) and B. frereana grow in Somalia’s semi-deserts. Their resin differs slightly: Somali frankincense tends to be lighter and more citrus-like. In antiquity these shipments went to Yemen and Arabia by dhow, then overland; today they are exported worldwide. Frankincense from this region is also labelled “luban” in the Middle East. Scientific sources note that B. frereana and B. carterii supply much of today’s incense demand.

    Indian Subcontinent (Boswellia serrata)

    India and Nepal produce salai guggal or Indian frankincense from Boswellia serrata. This species is short (1–3 m), with a weaker yield; resin is harder and darker. Indian frankincense has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries (often in paste form), valued for anti-inflammatory properties. It is less common as incense in the West, but used in Indian rituals and Ayurvedic remedies.

    Olibanum Incense

    “Olibanum” is another term for frankincense, used since Roman and medieval times. The word comes from Latin libanum, itself from Greek lίbanos. Olibanum is essentially Boswellia resin burned as incense. In the Bible (Vulgate) frankincense is called thus or tus, a generic term for incense. Historical texts use “libanon” or “olibanum” interchangeably with “frankincense”. As one source confirms, frankincense “is popularly known as Indian olibanum, salai guggal, loban, or kundur”. In practice, olibanum incense has been used by Egyptians (in kyphi blends), by Romans (in temples), and in various “fumigations” for religious and ceremonial purposes. It burns into a dense, sweet-smelling smoke.

    Today, the term olibanum is often used in perfumery and scholarly works. Scientifically, high-quality olibanum (particularly from B. sacra Oman) contains terpenes and boswellic acids thought to have therapeutic effects. For example, Boswellia resins have been studied for their anti-inflammatory and even cognitive benefits. In short, olibanum incense refers simply to burned frankincense resin, valued throughout history for its fragrance and ritual use.

    Luban (Arabian Frankincense)

    In the Arab world, frankincense is universally called lubān (لبان). This word appears in classical Arabic texts and modern usage alike. It literally means “that which causes milk” (from milky sap), reflecting the resin’s appearance. In Yemen, Oman and the Gulf, words like luban dakar and luban uttan denote specific grades. Luban is an everyday term for the resin used as bakhoor (incense chips) in homes and mosques. For instance, Yemenis traditionally burn Bakhoor Luban during Ramadan and social gatherings. The burning of luban in charcoal burners perfumes the air with its characteristic citrus-pine aroma.

    Conceptually, Luban incense is identical to frankincense, but the cultural context is Arab. Luban has been traded in souks from ancient times: caravans of frankincense were known to cross Arabia, carrying resins to ports like Aden or Yemeni port of Soqotra. From there, wealthy cities like Tyre (Soor) and Sidon (Saida) shipped luban alongside other spices. Today, luban is popular in Gulf aromatherapy and even chewed as a natural gum. (Notably, chewing natural frankincense tears – a practice in the Middle East – is praised for being pure and resinous, unlike processed commercial gums.)

    Hojari Frankincense

    Hojari frankincense specifically refers to the top-grade resin from Oman’s Hajar (Hijaz/Hajjar) Mountains. The name Hojari comes from the mountain range where it grows. Oman classifies Hojari into grades (Royal Green, White, Black) based on colour and clarity. The finest is translucent “Royal Green” Hojari – small, green-tinted droplets from the first cuts on a well-rested tree. Just below it is “Silver” or White Hojari, with creamy-white/pearlescent tears. These Hojari grades burn with a rich, complex bouquet of citrus, pine, and spice notes. Lower grades (brown or “Black” Hojari) still smell good but are harsher. Importantly, all Hojari is a form of frankincense; the distinctions are grading not separate species.

    (Hojari frankincense is often equated with “Royal Frankincense”, especially the green variety. In fact, some call the top green grade Royal Hojari.) Compared to generic dhòka frankincense, Hojari resin is exceptionally clean and aromatic. Its history goes back to the Sultanate’s tradition of gifting green Hojari as royal tribute. At Kohzen we highlight Royal Green Hojari and Premium White Hojari in our product line.

    Royal Frankincense

    “Royal frankincense” is a marketing term for the rarest, most exquisite grades of Hojari. It usually denotes the green, translucent resin droplets reserved historically for sultans. In practice, royal frankincense and green Hojari are one and the same. Some traders also use “Royal frankincense” more loosely for any premium-grade Boswellia resin. Either way, think of it as the “cream of the crop.” Royal frankincense pearls are prized in high-end incense: they burn slowly and emit the lightest, sweetest fragrance. Over centuries, such royal grade incense formed lavish offerings and expensive perfumes. Today, it remains a luxury item.

    Uses and Benefits

    Across cultures, frankincense (olibanum, luban) has both religious and therapeutic uses. It is burned during prayers and meditation, often thought to purify the air and mind. In traditional medicine (Ayurveda, TCM, Unani), Boswellia resin is used internally and externally. Modern research indicates boswellic acids in frankincense have anti-inflammatory properties. For example, clinical studies suggest frankincense extract can benefit asthma, arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. In aromatherapy, frankincense oil (steam-distilled from resin) is used for stress relief and skin health.

    Cultures around the world celebrate frankincense. In the Middle East it’s burned to welcome guests or cleanse a home. In African rituals, it purifies sacred spaces. In Europe and Asia it’s part of religious ceremonies (from churches to Buddhist temples). This enduring legacy—from ancient altars to modern mindfulness—is why we dedicate ourselves at Kohzen to honour frankincense’s heritage and bring the finest grades to you.

    Guide to Frankincense: Key Takeaways

    Frankincense, known across cultures as olibanum, luban, or Royal Hojari, remains one of the world’s most treasured natural resins. Its deep history, from ancient trade routes across Lebanon and Oman to its sacred use in rituals and healing, highlights its timeless value. Understanding the different types — from the citrusy Somali varieties to the rare green Hojari of Oman — helps in choosing the right frankincense for personal, ceremonial, or therapeutic use. Whether burned for meditation, infused into water, or used in perfumery, frankincense continues to bridge the ancient and modern worlds, offering a connection to nature’s profound wisdom. At Kohzen, we are honoured to share this legacy with you, one resin tear at a time.

    Quick Summary:

    • Frankincense is also known as olibanum and luban across different cultures.
    • The finest varieties, like Royal Hojari, come from Oman’s Boswellia sacra trees.
    • Frankincense has been traded for thousands of years across Arabia, Africa, and the Levant.
    • Burning frankincense resin releases a sweet, citrus-pine fragrance ideal for meditation.
    • Quality varies by species, harvest method, and resin grade — know what you’re buying.

    For more on Kohzen’s values and story, visit our About page. To experience premium frankincense yourself, see our collection on our Etsy shop, KohzenOfficial.